Ideologies The man-made belief-systems of the modern age, and the faiths they answered: how liberalism, socialism, nationalism, fascism and revivalism each promised to reorder the world.
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Before ideology + 610–632 The final revelation The Enlightenment and liberalism + 1689 Liberalism + 1776 / 1789 Revolution and rights Socialism and communism + 1848 The Communist Manifesto + 1917 Leninism + 1945–1991 The Cold War Nationalism and fascism + 1789 The nation + 1919–1945 Fascism and Nazism + 1945 The defeat of fascism The Islamic and religious responses + 19th–20th c. Revival and reform + 1928 The Muslim Brotherhood + 1979 The Iranian revolution Now + 1989–1991 The “end of ideology” + 2001 → Religion returns + Today New ideological lines 